Chapter 1. What Do We Mean By Systematics?
Chapter 2. Phylogeny and Evolution
Chapter 3. Concept of Character
Chapter 4. Taxonomic Evidence
Chapter 5. Phylogenetic Systematics
Chapter 6. Plant Classification
Chapter 7. Plant Nomenclature
Chapter 8. Identification of Plants
References

1. Khin Po Po, Daw. 2004. Angiosperms Concepts and Methods of Classification, Bot.4202. Department of Botany, Dagon University
2. Judd, W.S., C.S. Campbell, E.A. Kellogg. P.F. Stevens & M.J. Donoghue, 2002. Plant Systematics, A Phylogenetic Approach. Sinaur Associates Inc., USA.
3. Aress, John & Shirely Sherwood, 2009. The Art of Plant Evolution. Kew Publishing. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK.
4. Levetin, E. & K. McMahon, 2007. Plants & Society. McGraw-Hill Companies. USA.
5. U Nyo Maung, 2009. Principles of Taxonomy, Bot. 612. Department of Botany, University of Yangon.

Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2. Water
Chapter 3. Carbohydrates
Chapter 4. Carbohydrate Metabolism
Chapter 5. Lipids
Chapter 6. Lipid Metabolism
Chapter 7. Proteins
Chapter 8. Protein Metabolism
Chapter 9. Nucleic Acids
Chapter 10. Enzymes

Chapter 11. High-Energy Compounds
Chapter 12. Vitamins
Chapter 13. Hormones
Chapter 14. Biological Detoxification
Chapter 15. Antibiotics
Chapter 16. Biochemical Techniques

Chapter 1- Plant Nomenclature and Taxonomy
Chapter 2- A taxonomic approach to the study of medicinal derived drugs
Chapter 3- Traditional plant medicines as a source of new drugs
Chapter 4- Production of crude drugs
Chapter 5- Plant growth regulators
Chapter 6- Quality control
Chapter 7- General methods associated with the phytochemical investigation of herbal products
Chapter 8- Basic metabolic pathways and the origin of secondary metabolites
Chapter 9- Hydrocarbons and derivatives
Chapter 10- Carbohydrates
Chapter 11- Phenols and phenolic glycosides
Chapter 12- Saponins, cardioactive drugs and other steroid
Chapter 13- Unorganized Drugs
Chapter 14- Organized Drugs
Chapter 15- Cell differentiation and ergastic cell contents
Chapter 16- Techniques in microscopy

References

1. Chevallier, A. 1998. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. Dorling Kindersley. London,
   New York.
2. Kap0or, L.D. (2001), Hand book ofAyurvedic Medicinal Plants. National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow Council of Scientific and Industriail Research, India
3. Ross, I. A. 1999. Medicinal Plants of the World. Human Press. Totowa, New Jersey.
4. William Charles Evans. 2009, Trease and Evans; Pharmacognosy. 16th edition, Edinburgh London New York Philadelphia St Louis Sydney Toronto.
5. Myanmar Medicinal Plants. Part I and II. 1999. Department of Botany University of Yangon.

 

Chapter 1- Introduction to Biotechnology
Chapter 2- Macromolecules
Chapter 3- Concept of Gene
Chapter 4- Plasmids and Vectors
Chapter 5- Principles of Recombinant Technology
Chapter 6- Gene Integration and Expression Vectors
Chapter 7- Biofuels from Microalgae
References

1. Gopalan. C.D., Krishnamurthi, D., Shenolikar, I.S. and Krishnamachari, K.A.V.R. 1974
   Myocardial changes in monkey fed on mustard oil. Nutr. Metal. 16: 352-365
2. Ho RJY, Gibaldi MG (2003) Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals, transforming proteins
   and genes into drugs. Wiley-Liss,-Hoboken, NJ, USA.
3. Jain S.M., K. Ishii, Recent Advances in somatic embryogenesis in forest trees, in: Recent
   Advances in Biotechnology for Tree Conservation and Management, Proc. of IFS Workshop, Florianoplis, Brazil, 15-19 September 1997, International Foundation for Scicnce. 1998, pp. 214-231
4. Kicran P.M, P.F. MacLoughlin, D.M. Malone, Plant cell suspension cultures: some engineering considerations, J. Biotechnol. 59 (1997) 39-52.

Ramawat K.G, G. Shaily (2011) Comprehensive Biotechnology, S. Chand & Company Ltd.
Pub., Ram Nagar, New Delhi-110055, India

Chapter 1. Discovery of Microorganisms
Chapter 2. Instrumentation in Microbiology
Chapter 3. Methods in Microbiology
Chapter 4. Structure of Microbial Cells
References

1. Atlas, R.M. 1988.Microbiology: Fundamentals and Applications. Second Edition, MacMillan Publishing Co., New York.
2. Madigan, M.T., Martikin and Parkin.2000. Biology of Microorganisms. Ninth, Prentice-Hall International Edition.
3. Schlegel, H.G. 1995.General Microbiology. Seventh Edition.
4. Dubey, R.C. and D.K. Maheshwari. 2014. A Text Book of Microbiology. S. Chand & Company Pvt.Ltd. Ram Nagar, New Delhi.
5. Simon, M. etal. 1978. Structure and Function of bacterial flagella. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Chapter 1. Microbiology in the Biological World
Chapter 2. Environmental Microbiology
Chapter 3. Water and Waste Treatment
Chapter 4. Microbiology of Food and Beverage
Chapter 5. Bioleaching

Chapter 1. Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture
Chapter 2. Types of Plant Tissue Culture-
Chapter 3. Required Facilities for Plant Tissue Culture

Chapter 4. Growth Measurement
Chapter 5. Rapid Clonal Propagation
Chapter 6. Production of Secondary Metabolites by Cell Cultures
References

1. Rhupendra Kumar and Shailesh Chand Gautam. 2014. Plant Tissue Culture. Sonali Publications. Sachin Printers, Moujpur, Delhi.
2. Ronga, J. M. and H. Durzan. 1987. Tissue Culture in Forestry. Mertinus, Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht
3. De, K. K. 1997. An Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture (Repr.). New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd. Calcutta
4. Dixon, R.A. Plant Natural Products: the molecular genetic basis of biosynthetic diversity. CurrOpin Biotechnol.10: 192-7
5. Dornenburg, H. and D. Knorr. 1997. Challenges and Opportunities form Metabolite Production from Plant Cell and Tissue Cultures. Food Technol. 51:47, 48, 50-52,54.

Chapter 1.Introduction to Biological Diversity

Chapter 2. Threat to Biodiversity

Chapter 3.The value of Biodiversity

Chapter 4. Wildlife,Fisheries,and Endangered Species

Chapter 5. Conservation and Sustainable Development

References

Maintaining Biodiversity in forest Ecosystem, 1999;Biodiversity,Principles and Conservation,2000,etc.

Chapter 1. Introduction to Research Methodology
Chapter 2. Problem Formulation and Problem Handling in Research
Chapter 3. Research Tools and Research Framework
Chapter 4. Literature Survey
Chapter 5. Research Designs
Chapter 6. Research Approach
Chapter 7. Data Analysis, Interpretation, Presentation and Reporting the Paper
Chapter 8. How to prepare the power point for research paper
Chapter 9. A Guide to Writing a Research Paper
Chapter 10. A Guide to Writing a Thesis or Dissertation

References

1. Bishop, C.T.1984.How to Edit a Seientific Journal. 151, Press, Philadelphia
2. Day, R.A. 1983.How to Write and Publish aScientific Paper. 2nd ed., 151 Philadelphia. Press,
3. Hla Way, Thet Lwin and Myo Thant Tyn.2002. Research Method in Arts Science. Myanmar Academy of Arts and Science
4. Turobin, K.L 1996.A Manual for Writers of Term Papers. Theses, and Dissertations, 6 ed., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996, or later editions.
5. Wong, P.T.P. 2002. How to write a research proposal. Featured Articles. Trinity Western University, Canada.

 

Chapter I. Introduction

Chapter II. Molecules in Cells

Chapter III. Genes and How They Work

Chapter IV. The Study of Cell Organization and Subcellular

Chapter V. Organelle Biogenesis

References

1. Darnell, J.H. Lodish and D.Baltmore, 1990. Molecular Cell Biology. 2^nd Edition. W.H. Freeman Co.Ltd.

Raven, P.H.& G.B, Johnson, 2002. Biology, 6″ Edition. McGrew Hill Co.Ltd.

Chapter 1. The Historical Development of Biotechnology
Chapter 2. Microbial Growth

Chapter 3. Industrial Microbiology
Chapter 4. Biodeterioration

Reference

1. Atlas, R.M. 1988. Microbiology: Fundame ntals and Applications. Second edition,
   MacMillan Publishing Co., New York.
2. Brock, T.D. and M. T. Madigan. 1991. Biology of Microorganis ms. SIxth Edition, Prentice-waHall International edition.
3. Baltz, R.H., and Hegemann, G.D., 1993. Ame rican society for Microbiology. Washngton, D.c.. U.S.A. 1993.
4. Madigan, M.T., Martikin and Parkin. 2000. Biology of Microorganis ms. Ninth Edition, Prentice- Hall International Edition.

 

Chapter 1. Microbial Diversity
Chapter 2. Microbial Technology: Scope Techniques, Examples
Chapter 3. Production of Proteins in Bacteria and Yeast
References

1. Primrose, S. B., and Twyman, R. M. (2006). Principles of Gene Manipulation and
   Genomics, 7th Edition, Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science.
2. Sambrook, J., and Russell, D. W. (2001). Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3^rd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
3. Balbas, P, Soberon, X., Merino, E., Zurita, M., Lomeli, H., Valle, E, Flores, N., and
   Bolivar, F (1986). Plasmid vector pBR322 and its special-purpose derivatives-a
   Gene, 50, 3-40
4. Casali, N., and Preston, A. (eds.) (2003). E. coli Plasmid Vectors: Methods and Applications (Vol. 235, Methods in Molecular Biology), Clifton NJ: Humana Press.

Kehoe, J. W., and Kay, B. K. (2005). Filamentous phage display in the new millénnium.

Chapter 1. Basic Concepts in Advanced Plant Physiology
Chapter 2. Water Stress

Chapter 3. Temperature Stress
Chapter 4. Light Stress

References

1. R. M. 2005. Signał crosstalk and induced resistance: Straddling the line between cost and benefit. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 43: 545-580.
2. Buchanan, B. B., W. Gruissem, R. L. Jones. 2000. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants. Rockville MD: American Society of Plant Physiologists.
3. Creelman, R. A., J. E. Mullet. 1997. Biosynthesis and action of jasmonates in plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 48: 355-381.
4. Demmig-Adams, B., W. W. Adams II, A. Mattoo. 2006. Photoprotection, Photoinhibition, Gene Regulation and Environment. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. Vol. 21. Dordrecht: Springer.
5. -B. Shao, L.-Y. Chu, C. A. Jaleel, and C.-X. Zhao. 2008. Water-deficit stress- induced anatomical changes in higher plants. Comptes Rendus Biologies. vol. 331, pp. 215-225.

 

Chapter 1. Carbon Fixation by Crop Canopies
Chapter 2. Biological Nitrogen Fixation
Chapter 3. Flowering and Fruiting
Chapter 4. Root Growth

Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2. Basic Pharmacognosy
Chapter 3. Methods of plant analysis
Chapter 4. Plant Metabolites
Chapter 5. Drug Production

References

1. Hornok, L. 1992. The Cultivation of Mecdicinal Plants. In Hornok L. (ed.). Cultivation and Processing of Medicinal Plants. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
2. Koolman, J. & Rochm, K.H. 2005. Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 2nd edition. Thieme,
   Stuttgart, New York.
3. Wijesekera, 1991. The medicinai plant industry. CRC press.

 

Chapter I. Sources of Industrial Plant from Cyanobacteria
Chapter II. Sources of Industrial Plant from Algae
Chapter III. Sources of Industrial Plant from Fungi
Chapter IV. Sources of Industrial Plant from Angiosperm
Chapter V. Fibers obtained from plants
Chapter VI. Dyes obtained from plants
Chapter VII. Latex obtained from plants
Chapter VIII. Oil obtain from plant
Chapter IX. Food and spices obtained from plants

Chapter I. Molecular Genetic
Chapter II. Genes are DNA
Chapter III. From genes to genomes
Chapter IV. How many genes are there?
Chapter V. Recombination and repair of DNA
Chapter VI. Concept of Gene
Chapter VII. Application of DNA

References

1. Brooker, Robert J. (2005) Genetics: Analysis & Principles-second edition
   University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
2. Daniel L. Hartl (2011) Essential Genetics: A Genomics Perspective-
   fifth edition Harvard University
3. Kluge et al. (2009) Concept of Genetics.
4. Lewis, Ricki. (2005) Human Genetics: Concepts and Applications by care net Medical group, sixth edition, Schenectady, New York.
5. Lewin B. (2000) The Definitive Textbook of Molecular Genetics. Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York.

 

Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2.Enzymology, Chemical Nature of Enzymes
Chapter 3. Brief History of Enzymology
Chapter 4. Structure and Mechanism of Enzymes
Chapter 5. Dynamics of Enzyme
Chapter 6. Thermodynamics
Chapter 7. Enzyme Inhibition
Chapter 8. Biological Function
Chapter 9. Naming Convention and Industrial Application of Enzymes
Chapter 10. Purification of Enzyme/ Protein

References

1. creativeenzyme.com/service/enzyme-purification.307html
2. https://en.wikipediaorg‘wiki/protein-purification

Copeland R.A.2000-Enzyme: A piratical Introduction to Structure, Mechanism and Data Analysis. Wiley-VCH. Inc, ISBNs: 0471-35929-7

Chapter I. Introduction
Chapter II. Ethnobotany: Scope and Status
Chapter III.. General Ethnobotanical Techniques
Chapter IV. Data Collection and Data compilation
Chapter V. Ethnomedicine
Chapter VI.  Ethnobotany and Conservation
Chapter VII. Quantitative Ethnobotany
Chapter VIII. Applied Ethnobotany

References

1. Abbasi A.M. et al., 2012. Medicinal Plant Biodiversity of Lesser Himalayas-Parkistan, Springer Science + Business Media, LLC.
2. Y-Thomas & Pei ShengJi; 2003.Applied Ethnobotany: Case-Studies from the Himalayan Region.
3. Cunninggham, A.B., 2001. Applied Ethnobotany.
4. Gary J. Martin, 1995. Ethnobotany Text.
5. Hamilton A.C., Pei Schengji, Kessy.J., 2003. The Purposes and Teaching of Applied

Chapter 1. Chi-Square Test
Chapter 2. Correlation and Regression

Chapter 1. Introduction To Evolution
Chapter 2. Evolutionary Theories
Chapter 3. Base Concepts
Chapter 4. Mechanisms
Chapter 5. Mutation
Chapter 6. Natural Selection
Chapter 7. Speciation
Chapter 8. Phylogenetics

References

1. Andrulis Erik D. 2012. Theory of the Origin, Evolution, and Nature of Life. Life, 2, 1-105; doi: 10,3390/ife2010001
2. 2002. The evolution of plants: a major problem for Darwinism. Erratum 1J 16(2)
3. Darwin C. 1909. The Foundations of the Origin of Species, a Sketch Written in Edited by his son Francis Darwin. Honorary Fellow of Christ’s College Cambridge: Printed at the University Press.
4. Douglas T. 1999-2004. 29+ Evidences for Macroevolution,The Scientific Case for Common Descent. The Talk Origin Archive, Exploring the Creation/Evolution Controversy Version 2.85
5. Doolittle W. Ford 2000. Uprooting Tree of Life. Scientific American Inc.

Part I. History and Development of Environmental Education
Part II. The Global Agenda
Part III. Perspectives on Theory and Research in Environmental Education

Part IV. Environmental Education: Structure and Practice

Part V. The Global Scene

Part VI. Towards Progress and Promise in The Twenty-First Century

Reference

1. Environmental Education for the Environment: Retained? or Retired?’ Paper presented to the Special Interest Group on Ecological and Environmental Education at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York, April 1996.
2. Marcinkowski, T.J., Volk, T.L. and Hungerford, H.R. (1990) ‘An Environmental Education Approach to the Training of Middle Level Teachers: A Prototype Programme, International Environmental Education Programme; Environmental Education Series No. 30, Paris: UNESCO-UNEP.
3. NCC (1990) Curriculum Guidance 7: Environmental Education, York: National Curriculum Council.
4. NCC (1993) Spiritual and Moral Development. A Discussion Patper, York: National Curriculum Council.

Oulton, C.R. and Scott, W.A.H. (1995) °The “Environmentally Educa ted Teacher”: An Exploration of the Implications of UNESCO-UNEP’s Ideas for Pre-Service Teacher
Education Programmes’, Environmental Education Research, 1 (2) 213-231.

Chapter 1- The role of Microorganisms in 21″ Century
Chapter 2- Environmental Microbiology
Chapter 3- Agricultural Microbiology
Chapter 4- Bio-energy of Microbes
Chapter 5- Biocontrol

References

1. William Bains, 1998, Biotechnologies From A to Z, Second Edition, Oxford Univenig
   Press, Oxford, New York, Tokyo.
2. Kumer, H.D. and Swati Kumer, 1999, Modern Concepts of Microblology, Vikas Publishing House PVT limited, Delhi.
3. Tortora, G. J., B. R. Funke, C. L Case,1992, Microbiology; An Introduction, 4 Edition, The Benjamin/ Cummings Publishing Company, Inc., New York, Singapore
4. Tiwari, S. C. and G. D. Sharma, Microbial Diversity; Status and Potential
   Applications, 2G02, Scientific Book Centre, Guwahati-781-006.

Atlas, R. M., 1988, Microbiology; Fundamentals and Applications,2 Edition,
Macmillan Publishing Company,866 Third Avenue, New York.
Chapter I. Algae
Chapter II. Bryophytes
Chapter III. Ferns and Other Seedless Vascular Plant
Chapter IV. The Seed Plants: Gymnosperms
Chapter V. The Seed Plants: Angiosperms

Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2. The Flower
Chapter 3. Microsporangiunm
Chapter 4. Male Gametophyte
Chapter 5. Megasporangium
Chapter 6. Female Gametophyte
Chapter 7. Pollination
Chapter 8. Fertilization
Chapter 9. The Endosperm
Chapter 10. The Embryo
Chapter 11. Experimental Embryology
Chapter 12. Growth in General
Chapter 13. Meristems
Chapter 14. Correlation

Chapter 15. Polarity

Chapter 16. Symmetry

Chapter 17. Organization

References

1. Bruke,J.D. (1970) Cell Biology
2. De Robertis Nowinski-Saze (1965) Cell Biology.
3. Foster and Gifford (1973) Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants.
4. Maheshwari,P. (1950) Anlntroduction to the Embryo logy of Angiosperms.
5. Sharma, H.P. (2009) Plant Embryology. Narosa Publishing House PVT.LTD. India

 

Chapter (1) Thinking critically about the environment
Chapter (2) Environmental ecology
Chapter (3) Natural Resources
Chapter (4) Environmental problems
Chapter (5) Planning for a sustainable future
References

1. Botkin, B. D. & Keller, E. A., (2003). Environmental science: earth as a living (4 ed.). Printed in the United States of America, ISBN 0-471-38914-5
2. Cunningham, W. P., Cunningham, M. A. & Saigo, B. W. (2003). Environmental
3. science: A global concern. (7h ed.). New York, USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ISBN 0-07-029426-7.
4. Miller, G. Tyler, Jr., (1996). Living in the environment (9 ed.). Wadsworth Publishing Company, Printed in the United States of America, ISBN 0-534-

Raven, P. H. & Berg, L. R. (2001). Environment. (3 ed.). Orlando: Florida, Harcourt College Publishers. ISBN 0-07-029426-7

Chapter 1. A few definitions
Chapter 2. Different Approaches to Biological Classification
Chapter 3. The Phenetic Approach
Chapter 4. The Cladistic Approach
Chapter 5. Concepts of Categories
Chapter 6. The Taxonomic Hierarchy
Chapter 7. The species
Chapter 8. The Subspecies, Variety, and Form
Chapter 9. The Genus
Chapter 10. The Family and Higher Categories
Chapter 11. Types of Data
References

1. Agarwal, G., P. Belhumeur, S. Feiner, D. Jacobs, W. J. Kress, R. Ramamoorthi, N. APG (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group). 1998. An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants. Ann. Missouri Gard. 85:531-553.
2. APG (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) 11. 2003. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IIL Bot. Linn. Soc. 141:399-436.
3. Lawrence, G.H.M. 1951. Taxonomy of vascular plants. New York; Macmillan.
4. Simpson, M. G. 2006. Plant Systematics. Amsterdam:Elsevier.
5. Stuessy, T. F. 2009. Plant Taxonomy: The systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data,ed. 2. New York: Columbia University Press.

 

Chapter 1. Basic Plant Biochemistry

Chapter 2. Bioenergetics and Metabolism

Chapter 3. Enzymes

Chapter I. Historical Development of Pharmacognosy
Chapter II. Botanical Aspects of Pharmacognosy
Chapter III. Official Drugs from Different plant sources in Myanmar
Chapter IV. Phytochemical aspects of Pharmacognosy
Chapter V. Preparation of reagents for Pharmacognosy
References

Gardner, E.J., Simmons, M.JI. and Snustad, D. (1991) Principles of Genetics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., N.Y., USA.

1. Kung, S-dow and Wu, R. (1993) Transgenic Plants: Vol 1. Engineering and Utilization Academic Press, Inc N Y., U.S.A.
2. S.H., Matthews, J A., aND Mckee, R.A. (1985) Principles of Plant Biotechnology, An Introduction of Genetic Engineering in Plants. Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford, London.
3. Strickberger, M. W (1985) Genetics. (Third edition). Macmillan Publishing Co., N.Y., U.S.A.
4. Weaver R.F. (2002) Molecular biology. Authorized reprinting by China Sc8ience press.

 

Chapter 1. Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture: History, Media and Culture Initiation
Chapter 2. Plant Protoplasts: Isolation, Culture and Somatic Hybridization

Chapter 3. Methods of Transfer
Chapter 4. Transgenic Crops
Chapter 5. Studying Proteins

Chapter 6. Protein-Protein Interaction

Chapter 7. Biotechnology in Biodiversity Conservation

1. The Main Themes of Microbiology
2. The Fall of Superstition and the Rise of Microbiology
3. Prokaryotic Profiles
4. Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms

The Roles of Fungi in Nature and Industry

Table 4.3 Major Fungal Infections of Humans

INSIGHT 4.2 Two Faces of Fungi

Fungal Law Enforcement?

4.5 The Protists

4.6 The Parasitic Helminths Chapter I. Introduction

Chapter II. Microorganisms in Environments
Chapter III. Beneficial Activities in Nature
Chapter IV. Microbes’ role in Environmental Quality
Chapter V. Importance of Microorganisms for Human

Bacterial Taxonomy

Cytoplasmic Structure

Metabolic Characteristics

Cell Structure, Virulence factors and Toxins

Cell Structures as Virulence factors

Toxins

Managing Bacterial Growth

Reproduction and Exponential Growth

Bacterial Growth in Batch Culture

Continuous Cultures

Microbial Interactions

The Rumen Ecosystem

Nutrient Cycling Interactions

The Physical Environment

Microorganisms and Ecosystem

Chapter 1. Overview of Microbial Evolution

Chapter 2. Diversity of Prokaryotic Archaea (Archaebacteria)

Chapter 3. Diversity of Prokaryotic Bacteria (Eubacteria)

Chapter 4. Diversity of Eukaryotic Protista

References

1. Atlas, R.M, 1988. Microbiology Fundamentals and Application, second edition.
2. Dubbey, Dr.R.C., & Dr.D.K. Maheshwai, 1999. A Textbook of Microbiology
3. Madigan, M.T.. Martinko, JM., & J. Parker, 1997. Brock Biology of Microorganisms, eight editions
4. Sigee, D.C. 2005. Freshwater Microbiology.

Willey, JM., Sherwood, LM. & CJ. Woolverton 2009. Prescot’s Principles of Microbiology.

Chapter I. Main groups of Microorganisms for higher plants
Chapter 2. Micro-organisms as Saprotrophs and Plant Pathogens
Chapter 3. Bioassay for Diagnosis of Plant Viruses
Chapter 4. Microbiology of Living Leaves
Chapter 5. Microbiology of Flowers, Seeds and Fruits

References

1. Agrios, G.N. (1997) Plant Pathology, Fourth Edition, Academic Press, Microbiology; Fundamentals and Applications, Second Edition, Macmillan Publishing, New York.
2. Atlas, R.M. (1984). Bawden, F.C. & Roberts, The influence of light intensity on the susceptibility M. (1947) of plants to certain viruses. Ann. Appl. Biol. 34, 286-296.
3. Campbell, R. (1985) Plant Microbiology, Edward Arnold (Publishers) London. Some effects of high temperature on the
4. Kassanis, B. (1952) susceptibility of plants to infection with viruses. App. Biol. 39, 358 – 369.
5. Laidlaw, W.M.R. (1986) :Mechanical aids to improve the speed and sensitivity of plant virus diagnosis by the biological test method. Ann. Appl. Biol. 108, 309 –

 

1. Types of Water
2. Water Microorganisms
3. Microbiological Analysis of Water

Purification of Water

1. Soil as a Habitat for Microorganisms
2. Rhizosphere and Rhizoplane Microorganisms
3. Organic Matter Decomposition
4. Biogeochemical Cycling

References

1. Alexander, M. 1965. Nitrification. In Soil Nitrogen (eds. W.V. Bartholonew and F.E. Clark), pp. 307-343, Soc. Agron. Madison, Wisconsin.
2. Alexander, M. 1977. Soil Microbiology. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.
   Baker, K.F. and Cook, R.J. 1974. Biological Control of Plant Pathogens. W.H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, 433
3. Balandreau, J. and Knowles, R. 1978. The rhizosphere. In Interactions between non-pathogenic soil microorganisms and Plants (eds. Y.R. Dammergues and S.V. Krupa), pp. 243-268, Elserier, Amsterdam.
4. Burns, R.G. 1983. In Microbes in their Natural Environment. Symp. 34 (eds. LH. Slater, R. Whittenbury and J.W.T. Wimpenny), Soc. Gen. Microbiol. Ltd. Cambridge Univ. Press.
5. Dubey, R.C. and Dwivedi, R.S. 1988. Population dynamics of microfungi in root region of soybean with reference to growth stages and environmental factors. J. Indian Bot Soc. 67:54-162.

 

Chapter 1. Introduction to Yeast

Chapter 2. Yeast Growth and the Cell Cycle

Chapter 3. Yeast Cell Architecture and Function

Chapter 4. Yeast Metabolism

Chapter 5. Applications of Yeast

References

1. Gardner, E.J, Simmons, M.Jl. and Snustad, D. (1991) Principles of Genetics. (8 edition) John Wiley & Sons, Inc., N.Y., SA.
2. S-dow and Wu, R. (1993) Transgenic Plants: Vol . Engineering and Uuilzation Academic Press, Inc N Y., U.S.A.
3. S.H., Matthews, J A., aND Mcke, R.A. (1985) Principles of Plant Biotechnology An Introduction of Genetie Engineering in Plants. Blackwell Scientifie Publications. Oxford, London.
4. Strickberger, M. W (1985) Genetics. (Third edition). Macmillan Publishing Co., N.Y., SA

Weaver R.F. (2002) Molecular biology. Authorized reprinting by China Sc8ience press

General Properties of Viruses

The Cultivation of Viruses

Virus Purification and Assays

Principles of Virus Taxonomy

Classification of Bacteriophages

Reproduction of Double-strand DNA phages: The Lytic Cycle

Reproduction of Single-stranded DNA Phages

Reproduction of RNA Phages

Viruses of Eukaryotes

Classification of Animal Viruses

Reproduction of Animal Viruses

 

Introduction of Microbial Physiology

Energy Production and Metabolite Transport

Microbial Growth

The Role of ATP in Metabolism

Enzymes

Structure and Classification of Enzymes

The Mechanism of Enzyme Reactions

The Effect of Environment on Enzyme Activity

Enzyme Inhibition

Fermentations

The Yield of ATP in Glycolysis and Aerobic Respiration

 

Genes: Structure, Replication and Mutation

Genes: Expression and Regulation

3. Chapter 3. Algae: the major microbial biomass in freshwater systems
   Taxonomic and molecular characterization
4. Size, Shape, and Surface Mucilage
5. Activities within the Freshwater environment
6. Strategies for survival
7. Biodiversity in the algal community

 

Introduction
The Nature of the Genetic Material
The Levels of Structure and Function of the Genome
The Size and Packaging of Genomes
Nucleic Acid Macromolecules
Nature of DNA
DNA double helix (Watson-Crick Model)
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
The Structure of RNA
Types of RNA
The Messenger RNA (mRNA)
The Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
The Transfer RNA (tRNA) or Soluble RNA (SRNA)
Cloverleaf Model of tRNA
DNA Replication
The Meselson-Stahl Experiment: DNA Replication Is Semiconservative
Details of Replication Process
Elongation and Termination of the Daughter Molecules
The Central Dogma
RNA Viruses Modify the Central Dogma
Transcription: An Overview
Translation: An Overview
Genetic Code
Patterns to Genetic Code
Transcription: The First Stage of Gene Expression
Translation: The Second Stage of Gene Expression
Initiation of Translation
The Beginning of Protein Synthesis

Elongation
Termination
The Genetics of Animal Viruses
Replication Strategies in Animal Viruses
Replication, Transcription, and Translation of RNA Viruses
Genetic Regulation of Protein Synthesis and Metabolism
The Lactose Operon: A Model for Inducible Gene Regulation in Bacteria
A Repressible Operon
Differences between Bacterial and Eukaryotic Gene Expression
Variability in Microorganism
Genotype
Phenotype
Mutations: Changes in the Genetic Code
Spontaneous Mutations
Induced mutations
Categories of Mutations
Point Mutations
Repair of Mutations
The Ames Test
DNA Recombination Events
Transmission of Genetic Material in Bacteria
Transformation: Capturing DNA from Solution
Transduction: Viruses as vectors
Transposons: Jumping Gene
References

1. Atlas, R.M. 1988. Microbiology: Fundamentals and Applications. 2 ed. and Applications, 2nd ed. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York.
2. Kane, L.M and Kandel, 1996. Microbiology Essential and Applications. 2 ed. McGraw-Hill, Inc. U.S.A.
3. Klug, W.S. al. 2009. Concepts of Genetics. 9 ed. Pearson Education, Inc., New York
4. Poslethwait, J.H and J.L. Hopson, 2016. Modern Biology. Holt, Rineheart and Winson, A Harcourt Education Company. New York.

Purves, W.H. et.al. 2004. Life: The Science of Biology. 7th ed. Freeman & Co. Ltd. San Francisco.

The Immune System

Passive Immunity

Defensive Mechanism

Discovery of the Immune Response

Microbial Ecology

Aquatic Microbiology

Microbes as Pollutants

Microbes as Fighters of Pollution

 

1. Good Manufacturing practice (GMP)
2. Good Laboratory practice (GLP)
3. Quality control (GC)
4. Quality assurance (A)
5. Sterile clean area (SCA)
6. Environmental monitoring (EM)
7. Sterilization
8. Disinfectants and antiseptics
9. Pyrogen

Preservative efficacy test (Endotoxin)

Diseases acquired through the respiratory tract

Disease of the Upper Respiratory Tract

Diseases of the Lower Respiratory Tract

Diseases Acquired through the Alimentary Tract

Diseases Acquired through the Genitourinary Tract

Diseases Acquired through Animal Bites

Diseases Acquired through Superficial Breaks in the Skin

 

Microbial Ecology

Aquatic Microbiology

Microbes as Pollutants

Microbes as Fighters of Pollution

1. Introduction (Environmental microbiology)
2. Sewage treatment

• Biogas

1. IV Biodegradation of environmental pollutants and
2. Characteristics of microbial metabolism
3. Microorganism in abatement of heavy metal pollution

• Water pollution management
• Biofiltration

1. Biodeterioration

 

Chapter I. Some Microorganisms Commonly Used in Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
Chapter II. Organic Acids
Chapter III. Enzymes
Chapter IV. Biofertilizers
Chapter V. Nature and Production Of Antibiotics
Chapter VI. Manufacture of Probiotics

References

1. Adarsh, K,d. Prakash and N. K. Arora. 2015, Biofertilizers: an alternative sources of chemical fertilizer for sustainable crops in 21^st century Microbiology World Issue 10 Mar- Apr.
2. Demain, A.L. 1998, Induction of microbial secondary metabolism. International Microbiology.
3. Krumphanzl, V., 3, Sikyta and Z. Vanck. 1982. Overproduction of Microbial Products. Academic Press, London and New York.
4. Martin,J. F, and A. L. Demain. 1980. Control of antibiotic biosynthesis. Microbiological Reviews.

Okafor, N. 2007. Modern industríal microbiology and biotechnology, Department of Biological Sciences,Clemson University, Science Publishers, Enfield, NH, USA

Chapter 1. Introduction to Agricultural Microbiology

Chapter 2. Importance of Beneficial Microorganisms in Agriculture

Chapter 3. Concept of Effective Microorganisms (EM)

Chapter 4. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

Chapter 5. Production of Mycorrhizal Biofertilizer

References

1. F. and A. Varma. 2004. Microorganisms in Soils: Roles in genesis and functions.
2. R.C. and Maheshwari. D.K. 2009. A Textbook of Microbiology. S.Chand & Company LTD
3. Hamid, Y.A. 1982. Application of nitrogen-fixing systems in soil improvement and management FAO soils Bulletin. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
4. Jagnow, G., F. Hoflich and K.H. Hoffmann. 1991. Inoculation of non-symbiotic rhizosphere bacteria: Possibilities of increasing and stabilizing yields. Angrew. Botanik 65, 97-126.
5. Myint Lwin, Dr.(Professor) 2010. Applied Microbiology. Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation. Yezin Agricultural University. Department of Pathology.

 

Food Spoilage/ Preservation

Food Preservation

Chemical Preservatives

Microorganism Growth in Foods

Microbial Growth and Food Spoilage

Controlling Food Spoilage

Food-Borne Diseases

Chapter 1. General Nature of Fungi
Chapter 2. Zygomycetes (Phycomycetes)
Chapter 3. Ascomycetes
Chapter 4. Deuteromycetes

Chapter 1. Bacterial Cell Division

Chapter 2. Population Growth

Chapter 3. Chapter Measuring of Microbial Growth

Chapter 4. Effect of Temperature on Microbial Growth

Chapter 5. Other Environmental Effects on Microbial Growth

Chapter 6. Control of Microbial Growth

Photosynthesis and Chlorophylls
Chlorophyll and Bacteriochlorophyll
Photosynthetic Membranes, Chloroplasts, and Chlorosomes
Phycobiliproteins and Phycobilosomes
Electron Flow in Purple Bacteria
Generation of Reducing Power
Photosynthetic Electron flow in other
Anoxygenic Phototrophs
Electron Flow in ATP synthesis in
Oxygenic Photosynthesis
Anoxygenic Photosynthesis in Oxygenic Phototrophs
Carboxysomes
Autotrophy in Green Bacteria
Autotrophy in Chloroflexus
Energetics of Chemolithotrophy
Energetics of H, Oxidation
Autotrophy in H2 Bacteria
Energetics of Sulfur Oxidation
Biochemistry of Sulfur Oxidation
Energy from Iron Oxidation
Ammonia-Oxidizing Archea
Anammox
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Alternative Electron Acceptors and the Redox Tower

1. Symbioses between Microorganisms
2. Plants as Microbial Habitats
3. Mammals as Microbial Habitats
4. Insects as Microbial Habitats
5. Aquatic Invertebrates as Microbial Habitats

• Microbiology and Medicine
• Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases
• Pathogenic and Commensal Bacteria, Virus and Other Organisms
• Epidemiology and Public Health Microbiology
• Pathogenic or Infectious Diseases
• Recombinant and Technology
• Microbial Genomics

Viral Diseases of Fowl, Pig and Cattles

Bacterial Diseases of Fowl, Pig and Cattles

Protozoan Diseases of Fowl, Pig and Cattles

Isolation of Pathogens from Clinical Specimens

Growth-Dependent Identification Methods

Testing Cultures for Antibiotic Sensitivity

Immunodiagnostics

Agglutination

Immunoelectron Microscopy

Fluorescent Antibodies

Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay and Radioimmunoassay

Immunoblot Procedures

Nucleic Acid Probes in Clinical Diagnostics

Haematology

Determination and Calculation of Blood Cells

Blood Disorders

Human Blood Group Systems

Blood Banking

Development of Disease

Viral Diseases of Aquatic Animals

Bacterial Diseases of Aquatic Animals

Parasitic Diseases of Aquatic Animals

Bacterial morphology

Diversity of bacterial nutrition

Simple and differential staining of bacteria

Isolation, classification and identification of microbes

The diversity of bacteria as represented by Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology

Medically Significant Bacteria

1. Nitrogen Fixation
2. Root nodulating symbiotic bacteria
3. Genetics ofN2 fixing microorganisms
4. Nitrogen fixation mechanisms
5. Mycorrhizae
6. Fungi are ecologically and economically important
7. Plants and diseases
8. Types of plant diseases
9. History of plant pathology and early significant plant diseases
10. Biology and plant pathology in early renaissance
11. The expanding role of fungi as causes of plant diseases
12. The discovery of other causes of plant diseases
13. Losses caused by plant diseases
14. Plant diseases may limit plants poisonous to humans and animals

• Viruses
• Properties of Viruses
• Viral Replication
• Bacterial Viruses
• Detection and Cultivation of Viruses
• Advanced Virology
• Viroids and Prions
• Clinical Case Study
• Beneficial Microbes

Chapter ll. Prokaryotic cell structure and function
Chapter IV. Eukaryotic cell structure and function
Chapter XIII. DNA structure and function
Chapter XIV. Form DNA to proteins